Techniques of Spoofing Attacks

Techniques of put-oning AttacksSpoofing is glowing fake mete disclose of a transmission to gain entry which is illegal into a secure arranging. It is creates fake responses or signals in order to keep the session alive and maintain timeouts. It captures, alters, re-transmits a communication stream that sight mislead the recipient. Hackers design it to refer especiall(a)y to the TCP/IP packets of reference bookes in order to disguise a trusted machine. The term mocking has spread all over the world. The term spoofing refers to larceny the passwords and soulfulnessal information of a particular manyone from the internet.The word spoof came into existence by the British aimdian Arthur Roberts in 1852.In the 19th century, Arthur Roberts invented the game spoof and thus the name.This game had the recitation of tricks and non-gumption. The first recorded reference to this game in 1884 refers to its revival. Very soon the word spoof took on the general sense of nonsense and trickery.The word spoof was first recorded in 1889.4TYPESTypes of Spoofing covered atomic number 18 as follows1. E-Mail Spoofing2. Caller ID Spoofing3. SMS Spoofing4. Website Spoofing5. DLL Spoofing6. IP Spoofing1.1.1 Definitions1) E-Mail SpoofingBasi key outy email spoofing is of the type in which the sender address and other parts of the email be altered so that it turn ups as if it is direct from a different headway of reference2) Caller id SpoofingCaller id is the way of making fake calls to other battalion wherein the account of the sender appears as if he/she is calling from another topic.3) SMS SpoofingSMS Spoofing take ons us to win over the name or number of the text nubs appear to come from.4) Website SpoofingWebsite Spoofing is a method of misleading the people or perhaps the readers that the website has been made by near other organization or by some other known person.5) DLL SpoofingDLL cipher runs in the context of its host program, it inherits the full capabilities of the programs exploiter with spoofing.6) IP SpoofingIP spoofing is the way in which the sender gets unauthorized access to a computer or a electronic ne bothrk by making it appear that a indisputable core has come from a trusted machine by spoofing the IP address of that machine. parting 2EMAIL SPOOFING2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis is considered to be one of the to the highest degree used proficiencys of netmailmers and hackers. They spoof their devote e-mail addresses. That chance ons it look as if the mail has come from some other person. This is a form of identity theft, as the person who sends the email acts to be someone else in order to distract the recipient to do something.2.2 OBJECTIVEThe objective of spoofed mail is to hide the real identity of the sender. This locoweed be done because the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) does not require authentication. A sender chamberpot use a fictitious return address or a valid address that belongs to someone else .The mails that are spoofed can be very annoying, irritating and at times dangerous. Having your own address spoofed can be even worse. If the sender or probably the hacker uses our address as the return address, then our inbox whitethorn fill with receivers complaints as hearty as they might report us in the spammers as well. This type of spoofing can be very dangerous.2.3 MOTIVESThese might be the possible motives of an aggressor1. This is spam and the person who sends doesnt motive to be subjected to anti-spam laws2. The e-mail constitutes threatening or harassing or some other violation of laws.3. The e-mail contains a virus or Trojan and the sender believes you are more likely to open it if it appears to be from someone you know4. The e-mail requests information that you might be leaveing to give to the person the sender is pretending to be, as part of a social engineering.2.4 PHISHINGPhishing is associated with Email spoofing. Phishing is the practice of attempting to obt ain substance abusers credit card or online banking information, often incorporates e-mail spoofing. For example, a phisher may send e-mail that looks as if it comes from the banks or credit cards administrative department, asking the user to log onto a Web page and don passwords, account numbers, and other personal information. at that placeby obtaining the users confidential information.22.5 WORKINGThis is the most easily observe form, in e-mail spoofing it simply lucks the boast name or from battleground of outgoing messages to show a name or address other than the actual one from which the message is move. Most POP e-mail clients allow you to change the text marched in this field to whatever you want. For example, when you rectify up a mail account in Outlook Express, you are asked to enter a debunk name, which can be anything you want, as shown in Figure 2.1.Fig 2.1Setting the display name in your e-mail clientThe name that we set will be displayed in the recipients mail program as the person from whom the mail was direct. We can type anything you like in the field on the pursuit page that asks for your e-mail address. These fields are separate from the field where you enter your account name assigned to you by your ISP.Figure 2.2 shows what the recipient sees in the From field of an e-mail client such as Outlook.Fig.2.2The recipient sees whatever information you enteredWhen this simplistic method is used, you can tell where the mail originated (for example that it didnotcome from thewhitehouse.com) by checking the actual mail headers. Many e-mail clients dont show these by default. In Outlook, open the message and then clickView Optionsto see the headers, as shown in Figure 2.3.Fig 2.3Viewing the e-mail headersIn this example, you can see that the message actually originated from a computernamed XDREAM and was sent from the mail.augustmail.com SMTP server.2.6 PREVENTIVE MEASURESAlthough order may help to deter some spoofing, most agree th at it is a technological problem that requires a technological solution. One way to control spoofing is to use a mechanism that will authenticate or verify the origins of each e-mail message.The Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an emerging standard by which the owners of domains refer their outgoing mail servers in DNS, and then SMTP servers can check the addresses in the mail headers against that information to determine whether a message contains a spoofed address.The downside is that mail system administrators discombobulate to take specific action to publish SPF records for their domains. Users lead to implement Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) SMTP for sending mail. Once this is accomplished, administrators can set their domains so that unauthenticated mail sent from them will fail, and the domains name cant be forged.SECTION 3CALLER ID SPOOFING3.1. INTRODUCTIONThis type of spoofing is all about ever-changing the Caller ID to show any desired unrecognisable n umber on the persons caller id who receives the call 1.Caller id spoofing is a way of calling someone without them subtile who actually the person is, by hiding the phone number from their caller id.It is too known as the practice of causing the telephone network to display a number on the recipientsCaller id displaywhich is not that of the actual originating station. Just ase-mail spoofingcan make it appear that a message came from any e-mail address the sender chooses, Caller ID spoofing can make a call appear to have come from any phone number the caller wishes. Because of the high trust people tend to have in the Caller ID system spoofing can call the systems value into question hence creating problems for various(a) parties associated with it.NAMES OF COMPANIES THAT PROVIDE THE CALLER ID SPOOFING FEATURESpoofCardPhone GangsterStealthCardTeleSpoof3.2 WAY TO MAKE TEXT DISPLAY ON CALLER ID DISPLAYWith the help of the Spoof Card, Stealth Card, TeleSpoof and many more we can make the text show up on the caller id display instead of number. We have to choose some text from the huge list of funny caller id text phrases and that text will be displayed as our phone number. Some texts are shown below in the realise.Fig 3.1 Text that can be shown in the caller-id display3.3 USESCaller-id spoofing can be used in the following placesDoctor needing to disguise home number so that he doesnt get unwanted calls on his home numberWorried spouse wanting to find the truthCalling back an terra incognita number to find out the unknown identity without revealing original numberHiding your location3.4 METHODCaller ID can be spoofed in many different ways and with different well advanced technologies. The most popular ways of spoofing Caller ID are through the use ofVoIPorPRIlines. other(a) method is that of coping theBell 202FSKsignal. This method, calledorange boxing, uses software that generates the audio signal which is then coupled to the telephone line during the call. The object is to deceive the called companionship into cerebration that there is an incomingcall waitingcall from the spoofed number, when in fact there is no immature incoming call. This technique often also involves an abetter _or_ abettor who may provide a secondary voice to complete the illusion of a call-waiting call. Because the orange box cannot truly spoof incoming caller ID prior to answer and relies to a original extent on the guile of the caller, it is considered as much asocial engineeringtechnique as a adept hack.3.5 MOTIVESSometimes, caller-id spoofing may be justified. There are necessary reasons for modifying the caller ID sent with a call. These can be the possible places where caller-ids are spoofedCalls that come from a enormous organization or company, particularly those companies that have many branches, sending the main number is a good option. Consider this example. A hospital might have the primary number 777-2000, and around 250 lines functioning in side the main building, and another 200 at the clinic that is located around 50 miles away. I t may happen that most of the numbers will be in the form of 777-200XX, but it might also happen that many of them have an unrelated and unidentifiable numbers. Therefore if we have all calls come from 777-2000, it lets the call recipients identify that the incoming call is a hospital call.Most of the calling-card companies display Caller IDs of the calling-card user to the call recipients.Many Business owners and dealers use Caller ID spoofing to display their business number on the Caller ID display when they are calling from a place out-of-door the office premises (for example, on a mobile phone).Skype users have an option of assigning a Caller ID number for preventing their outgoing calls from being screened by the called party (Skype Caller ID in the USA is 000123456).Google occupation Google Voicedisplays its users Google Voice number when the users make calls from the service usin g their landline numbers or mobile phones.Gizmo5sends the users Gizmo5 drink number as outbound Caller ID on all calls. Because Gizmo5 IDs are in the format 747NXXXXXX, it is possible to confuse calls made from Gizmo5 with calls made fromarea code 747.Fig 3.2. Software for Caller id SpoofingSECTION 4SMS SPOOFING4.1 INTRODUCTIONSMS Spoofing allows us to change the name or number of the text messages a recipient would appear to receive.It replaces the number from which the text message is received with alphanumeric text.This type of spoofing has both legitimate and asshole applications. The legitimate manner would be setting your name or company name or the product name for or from which the text message is sent.So thereby the text message received will display the name or the company name or the product name and the purpose in the sequel for e.g. a product (publicising it) would thus be served.The illegitimate way would be when a person or a company would use the name of some othe r person or name or a product with the intentions of causing losses to the concerned.4.2 MOTIVESSMS Spoofing takes place when the user from sending end changes the address information so as to conceal the original address from reaching the user at the receiver end.It is done mostly to impersonate a user who has roamed onto a foreign network, necessarily to be submitting messages to the home network. mainly these messages are addressed to destinations that are beyond the range of home network with the home SMSC ( brusk messaging service centre) being hijacked hence causing messages to be sent to other network4.3. IMPACTSFollowing are the impacts of this activity1) Due to the hijacking of the home SMSC, The home network can bring in termination charges caused by the delivery of these messages to interconnect partners. This is termed as quantifiable revenue leakage.2) These messages can be of concern to the partners involved.3) It is possible that it comes under the notice of the cus tomer that he is spammed and the message sent maybe of personal, financial or political importance to the concerned person. Therefore, there is a risk that the interconnect partners might threaten to stop the home network from functioning until and unless a suitable remedy is found and the right way implemented. Hence, the con era of this would be that the Home subscribers will be unable to send messages into these networks.4) While fraudsters more often than not use spoofed-identities to send messages, there is a risk that these identities may match those of real home subscribers. This implies, that genuine subscribers may be billed for roaming messages they did not send and if this situation does arise, the integrity of the home operators billing will be under scrutiny, with potentially huge impact on the brand itself. This is a major stir risk.4.4 USESA person sends a SMS message from an online computer network for lower more competitive pricing, and for the ease of info entr y from a full size console. They must spoof their own number in order to properly identify themselves.A sender does not have a mobile phone, and they need to send an SMS from a number that they have provided the receiver in advance as a thinks to activate an account.4.5 THREATSAn SMS Spoofing attack is often first detected by an increase in the number of SMS errors encountered during a bill-run. These errors are caused by the spoofed subscriber identities. Operators can respond by shut offing different source addresses in their Gateway-MSCs, but fraudsters can change addresses easily to by-pass thesemeasures. If fraudsters move to using source addresses at a major interconnect partner, it may become unfeasible to block these addresses, due to the potential impact on normal interconnect services.SMS Spoofing is a serious threat to mobile operators on several fronts1. Mischarging subscribers.2. Being charged interconnects fees by the hubs.3. Blocking legitimate traffic in an effort to stop the spoofing.4. Assigning highly trained and scarce resources to tackle the problem4.6 EXAMPLESMessages sent from Google are sent with the Sender ID Google.Skype sends messages from its users with the mobile number they registered with. Note that when a user attempts to reply to the SMS, the local system may or may not allow the replying message to be sent through to the spoofed origin.A user who does not have a mobile phone attempts to sign up for a Foxy cross off account, which requires an SMS from a phone number that the user registers with. A dynamically assigned number from an anonymous SMS service will not work because the user is not given the dynamic number in advance to register with.Fig 4.1 this picture supra shows the process of sms spoofing.SECTION 5WEB SPOOFING5.1 INTRODUCTIONWebsite spoofing is a type of spoofing which creates a website or web pages that are basically run with the intention to mislead users into believing that the particular website is create d by a different theme or a different person.Another form of website spoofing is creating false or fake websites that generally have the aforementioned(prenominal) appearance and layout as the original website and tricking people into sharing their personal or confidential information with the falseWebsite.The fake websites can have a similar universal resource locator as well. Another technique associated with false URL is the use of Cloaked URL.This technique uses methods of domain redirection or URL forwarding which convincingly hides the address of the actual website.Website spoofing is often associated with Phishing. It can also be carried out with the intention of criticizing or making fun of the original website or the website developer or fraud as well.35.2 CONCEPTSo we can presuppose that web spoofing basically enables an attacker/spoofer to create a shadow copy of the entire knowledge base Wide Web.Accesses to this fake Web are monitored through the attackers system, w hich helps the attacker to keep a watch on all of the victims web-activities. These activities include passwords and personal information (bank account numbers).It can also happen that in the victims name, the attacker sends certain information to the web servers or send any kind of information to the victim in the name of any Web server. Basically, the spoofer controls everythingThe victim does on the Web.5.3 CONSEQUENCESAs the spoofer or the attacker has complete control(observing capability as well as modifying capability) over any info that is transmitting from the victim to the web servers and also all the data transactions from the servers to the victim, the attacker can misuse this in many ways.Some of the misusing ways are surveillance and tampering.5.3.1 supervisionThe attacker can conveniently spy on the traffic, registering which pages and sites the victim visits or surfs as well as the content of those pages.For example, when the victim fills out a particular form on a particular site, the entered details are transmitted to a server. The attacker can record all these details, along with the response sent back by the server.And as we know, most of the on-line commerce is done using forms this information can also give the attacker -the account passwords and other valuable data of the victim. This is highly dangerous. Surveillance can be carried out by the spoofer even if the victim has a so called secure connection to the web-server. So basically, even if the victims browser shows the secure-connection icon (usually an image of a lock or a key) . It can be possible that the attacker is still successful in his Surveillance.5.3.2 TamperingSurveillance is basically just observing and registering confidential data of the victim.The spoofer can also MODIFY any of the data that may be travelling in each direction between the victim and the servers. This is called Tampering.If there are any forms submitted by the victim to the web servers, the attacke r can bring about changes in the data entered. For example, if a person is purchasing a certain product on-line, the spoofer can change the product details, product number, shipping address etc.The attacker can also change the data returned by a Web server, for example by inserting misleadingoffensive material to trick the victim or to cause problems between the victim and the server. Misleadingoffensive material to trick the victim or to cause problems between the victim and the server.5.3.3 Using the WebIt is not really difficult to spoof the entire World Wide Web, even though it might seem to be difficult. The attacker does not really have to store all the contents of the Web.The Web in its entirety is available on-line so the spoofers server just has to fetch the required page or pages from the real Web whenever it needs to provide a copy of that page on the false Web.5.4 working of the attackFor this attack to work, the main duty of the attacker is to sit between the victim an d the rest of the Web. This emplacement of sitting between the victim and the web is called a man in the middle attack.5.5 MethodOne of the most frequently used methods for web spoofing is URL Rewriting.5.5.1 Url RewritingOnce the attacker fetches the real document, the attacker rewrites all of the URLs in the document into the same special form by same spoofing technique. so the attackers server provides the rewritten page to the victims browser. This is how URL rewriting is used for spoofing.5.6 ProtectionWeb spoofing is one of the most dangerous and undetectable security attacks that can be carried out in the web-world today. But of course, there are certain preventive measures that can be taken5.6.1 Short-term protectionThese are the steps to follow for short term protectiona) Disable JavaScript in your browser so the spoofer wont be able to hide the evidence of the attackb) Your browsers location line should unceasingly be visiblec) Observe URLs displayed on your browsers loc ation line, and make sure that the URLs always point to the server you think youre connected to.5.6.2 Long-term protectionThere is no fully satisfactory long-term solution to this problem. But few things that can be donea) Changing browsers can help, so they always display the location line. But the users have to know how to recognise the correct URLs.b) Using improved Secured-connection indicators.Fig 5.1.The picture above gives an idea of how web spoofing is doneSECTION 6DLL SPOOFINGDynamic Link Libraries or DLL are software object modules, or libraries, linked into a program while it is running DLLs are a feature that allows programs to share common codes so as to help developers to make programs easily and efficiently.DLLs are extensively used in newer versions of Windows.Fig 6.1.This picture above is hardware id DLL6.1 INTRODUCTIONDLL code runs in the context of its host program, it inherits the full capabilities of the programs user with spoofing. The DLL spoof causes a legiti mate program to load a DLL with a Trojan horse instead of legitimate DLL.DLL spoofing can occur even if the legitimate DLL is beyond the attackers reach. Since when a program loads DLLs it searches through a sequence of directories looking for the required DLL.Spoofing occurs when the attacker succeeds in inserting the infected DLL-file in one of those directory in such a way that program finds it before it finds the legitimate DLL of the same name. Hence even if the file is write-protected or the attacker doesnt have access to the directory which contains the legitimate DLL then also he can attack the program.Whenever a user runs a program there occurs a linking algorithm which is used to find the file that holds the DLL. Usually it is the one with DLL suffix.Linking algorithm searches through three different categories1. Programs directory It is the directory which holds programs file.2. governing body directory Contains a series of entries.As we have discussed earlier to spoof t he user only needs to insert an infected or malicious DLL file into the on the job(p) directory. If the infected DLL file has the same name as the legitimate DLL then the algorithm will link the fake DLL file to the otherwise trusted program. The infected DLL can then create a new process. It runs in the full capabilities of the user who runs the, it perform the task and request the original DLL file as asked by the user so as not to arouse suspicion. With the help of fake DLL the attacker can now do whatever task he want which is under the capabilities of the fake DLL.Among the three above mentioned directories, the program directory and the system directory are most vulnerable as the location is predefined. But in the case of on the job(p) directory this task is hard to perform as the directory is set by the program only and hence its directory is unknown to the user.Fig 6.2 dependency walker6.2. WORKING OF blowThis is where the social engineering skills come into play. The att acker tries to convince the user to open a simple file. This simple file can be a image too and can be located at any remote place like http//.Now the victim (in this case our user) tries to open that file (in this case the image) through a pre reared software on his machine like a image viewer. Now this image viewer is vulnerable by the binary put attack.Now the image viewer may require a DLL file to load dynamically. As the full thoroughfare name gas not been contract before hand, image viewer will give instructions to Microsoft Windows to search for the required DLL file in a particular order.Directories in orderWorking directoryThe system directoryThe 16-bit system directoryWindows directoryCurrent directoryDirectories which are listed in PATH environment variablesUsually Current directory is the directory in which the image viewer file is stored.Now the attacker has control over one of the directories which windows search for, and hence he will be able to place a malicious c opy of the dll in that directory.In such a case the application will load and run the malicious DLL without verification. And now the attacker has gained full control of the affected machine, and now he will be able to perform all the unwanted actions on the machine such as hack into the existing account, create a new account, access important files on specific directories and more.In such a case web securities like firewall has become an essential instrument to block and prevent the downloading of such malicious files from a remote network location.6.3 TARGETSThe easiest and the most obvious targets for DLL spoofing are the machines running on windows. As here the registry has not been properly updated with a safe-search order for loading DLLs. The safe-search order is not an issue for the PCs running on XP as there are few infectious program and registries which point to fake DLLs or the DLLs which do not even exist. Such program or entries are the real cause of spoofing in the ca se of XP. Trojans, web caches and email are some of the ways in which codes are placed in the file system. Since obviously having a misconfigured programs or the search path does not mean that the machine will start running malicious code.As we know this breach is more harmful then the DLL spoof as ordinary user can easily place malicious file in the current folder like in Shared Documents. So when another user with allow rights opens the document in the same directory, then this directory will become the Current Directory for the machine it will search for the DLLs before the system directory and hence allowing the ordinary user to operate the machine with privileged rights.Now one may ask that simply placing the DLL in the divided up directory or a web cache will not allow it to be loaded, for the DLLs to be loaded they must be kept in every of system directory, the application directory or a path provided by the application that tries to load the DLL.So the answer is that being able to write to system and application file space already implies administrator privileges so there would be no need for DLL spoofing. Hence it arises the need of online security against the spoofing and accessing to administrator privileges. Now one may ask that simply placing the DLL in the shared directory or a web cache will not allow it to be loaded, for the DLLs to be loaded they must be kept in either of system directory, the application directory or a path provided by the applicationthat tries to load the DLL. So the answer is that being able to write to system and application file space already implies administrator privileges so there would be no need for DLL spoofing.Hence arises the need of online security against the spoofing and accessing to administrator privileges.6.4 PROTECTIONMicrosoft Windows install auxiliary services like FTP server, telnet and web server which are not critical. If those services which are not needed by the administrator are removed then the th reat is reduced at once. Microsoft, which we already know seems to have greatest problem with spoofing, tries to solve this problem using their Microsoft Authenticode Certificates.Well Microsoft needs to update DLLs continuously as outdated DLL could be dangerous in this world of hackers.Now the question arises that how we know that this DLLs are updated. Microsoft solved this problem with Microsoft 2000, by digitally signing the drivers by Windows Hardware Quality Lab(WHQL) tests. The drivers that passed were given a Microsoft digital signature.As mentioned earlier, in the present time this signing is done with Microsoft Authenticode Certificates. An authorized signatory is used for these purpose which is known as thwarted. In present time many designers came up with a variety of tamper resistance. They concluded that even though a particular approach may seem effective, only Microsoft would have the resources, scope and platform control to make it practical .Here are two concepts which contain handling of driversProtected Path Specifically known as PVP (Protected Video Path) and PUMA (Protected User Mode Audio). These are the mechanism used to back DRM (Digital Rights Management) rules about safe content presentations.Protected Environment It is a kernel mechanism to ensure that kernel-mode drivers are safe for protected contents. These drivers should be signed by Microsoft and must implement specific security functions. All the kernel-mode drivers should be signed to ensure there safe origin and also that they are not tampered with. revolutionary mechanisms like OCP (Output Content Protection) are used in the versions after Windows Vista.Though at higher level OCPs Protected Path and Protected Environment make sense but it includes great complexity, management process and supporting infrastructure. Also implementation of OCP means device drivers get numerous new security responsibilities. sack back to DLL, a new complexity is revocation.Authorization is n ot useful unless it can be revoked when a compromise is discovered. For this Microsoft runs a revocation infrastructure that distributes a Microsoft Global Revocation List to identify no longer authorized driver software. Software revocation is problematic because of potential effect on users who may suddenly be unable to play content through no fault of their own. So revocation is likely to occur well, only after updates are distributed.So we have seen that after all the measures used by Microsoft, there is a long window of content vulnerabilitySECTION 7IP SPOOFING7.1 INTRODUCTIONIP spoofing refers to the creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a forged source IP address, called spoofing, with the p