The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert Essay

The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert - Essay Example Seibert’ book presents a number of interesting people and unsung heroes before it readers. Among all of them, one person that particular catches the interest is Calvin Fairbank. Fairbank lived in an affluent family that was 'assigned' with two slaves. As these slaves did all the housework, once he got the opportunity to listen to the slave-woman's tale of sorrow, which kindled anger in Fairbank. Once when he was in charge of a raft of lumber, he saw a woodsman who was going to be a slave very soon. Fairbank took him on the raft and helped him. Along with o an old slave woman with 7 children, he helped this man escape by taking them to a secure location on his raft. However, this met with a lot of issues because Fairbank was charged with helping the slaves help and was sent to the penitentiary. Before he was released, the Fugitive Slave law was passed, but this did not prove to be a deterrent to his ideas. According to him, 'I resisted its execution whenever and wherever possib le' (Siebert, 1898, p. 159). He continued to help the slaves escape. This landed him in the prison again and he spent more than 17 years of his life in the prison, where some phases were filled with physical and mental torture. Through his strategy of using disguises and helping people hide, he played pivotal part in making the life better for many slaves.   One of the very interesting events in the book is about how the disguise was used as a very effective technique to help the slaves escape quietly without the threat of being caught.

Schools as Organisations Essay Example for Free

Schools as Organisations Essay Schools have policies and procedures so that the governors, staff, parents and others who are involved with the running of the school, are able to work from a set of guidelines which are followed by all, which gives clear comprehensive consistency. There are a lot of different policies relating to all different aspects of procedures and should be accessible should they need to be referred to. Although each school will have there own set of policies with varying titles or a slightly different list, each will need to outline its purpose and aims and also the responsibilities of staff. Below is a summery of the policies and procedures schools may have relating to different aspects of the running of the school; Staff Performance management policy (appendices 26) Pay policy Grievance policy Public welfare Safeguarding policy (appendices 11) Health and safety policy Drugs awareness policy Behaviour management policy Personal, social, health and economic education policy Anti bullying policy Teaching and learning Curriculum policy (appendices 15) Early years policy Teaching and learning policy Planning and assessment policy Marking policy Equality, diversity and inclusion Equal opportunities policy Race equality and cultural diversity policy Special educational needs policy Gifted and talented policy Disability and access policy Parental engagement Attendance policy (appendices) Homework policy Home-school agreement All policies within the school should be revised and updated. It is most likely that all policies will be dated and also have a further date to be revised. To help to aid schools there are draft policies available on the internet as this can be a very time consuming process to draw up a policy. It would be dependant on the school policy itself to who would draft the policy up depending on the schools senior management team or person responsible for a curriculum area (eg such as literacy co-ordinator). This would then be checked by other staff during a staff meeting. It would also need to be agreed by the governing body before it can take effect. Below is a table to show the roles of other organisations working with children and how these may impact on the work of schools; OrganisationDescription Social ServicesSocial services will link with schools in cases where it is necessary to share information or prepare for possible court hearings or applications. They may also liaise with schools family worker or have meetings with teachers. Children’s ServicesThese are linked to the 5 outcomes of Every Child Matters, but may be from a range of providers including education, health, social services, early years and childcare. Youth ServicesThese will have more impact on secondary schools but will be concerned with training and provision post-14, the Youth Matters programme and targeted youth support. National Health ServiceMany professionals who come into and work in schools may be employed by the National Health Service and Primary Care Trust, including speech therapists, physiotherapists and  occupational therapists. It is everyone’s responsibility to be mindful of themselves and others. E. g. Not leaving coats and bags where they can tripped over, No trailing wires, if something is spilled clean it up to avoid hazards and if something can be seen that it a potential health and safety risk, either do something about it if it’s within our control or report it to the appropriate contact if it is not and make sure the situation is safe in the meantime.

Strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal Ess

Strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal: A GIS Method Applied to an Agricultural Watershed in West Central Indiana Intensification of agricultural practices in the Midwest has led to increased nutrient losses in surface runoff and subsurface drainage, impacting downstream water quality and the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrate losses are especially significant in heavily tile drained land, characteristic of west central Indiana. Constructed wetlands have been shown to be effective in reducing nitrate loads leaving Midwestern crop land. Strategically targeting sites that intercept high nitrate loads, and sizing the wetlands according to the characteristics of their watersheds, can maximize wetland efficiency while minimizing costs and maintaining productive agriculture. The goals of this work were to develop a methodology for targeted wetland placement to remove nitrate and to estimate the impact of these wetlands in the landscape. Within the study region, 19 locations were found to be suitable for wetland placement, requiring conversion of 0.1% of the watershed. These wetlan ds would intercept 3% of flow from tile-drained lands, removing approximately one percent of all nitrate exported from all tile-drained land in the watershed. Wetland selection was most sensitive to criteria relating to contributing area, exclusion of streams where wetlands could be potentially located, and topography. While this approach efficiently identifies optimal locations for siting wetlands, best management practices in addition to these wetlands are needed to meet water quality goals in the Midwest. Keywords: Constructed wetlands, Nitrate, Geographic Information System (GIS), Water Quality, Wate... ...ould also be minimized. The main goal of this work was to develop a methodology for targeted wetland placement to remove nitrate from tile-drained agricultural lands. The specific objectives were to: 1) Determine suitable wetland sites in an 8-digit HUC in Indiana using GIS methods and wetland siting criteria; 2) Create preliminary wetland designs at each site; and 3) Estimate the nitrate removal provided for each wetland design, using a simple regression-based model. A key aspect of this GIS analysis was calculating the tile-drained contributing area draining to each location, which ensured that these wetlands intercepted large flows and maximized nitrate reduction in the landscape. This watershed-scale approach is critical to efficiently implement best management practices, such as constructed wetlands to reduce nitrate losses from agricultural watersheds.

Moniza Alvis Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay -- English Lite

Moniza Alvi's Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Moniza Alvi was born in Lahore, in Pakistan, the daughter of a Pakistani father and an English mother. She moved to Hatfield in England when she was a few months old. She didn't revisit Pakistan until after the publication of her first book of poems, The Country over my Shoulder, from which this poem comes. The poet says: 'Presents from My Aunts... was one of the first poems I wrote - when I wrote this poem I hadn't actually been back to Pakistan. The girl in the poem would be me at about thirteen. The clothes seem to stick to her in an uncomfortable way, a bit like a kind of false skin, and she thinks things aren't straightforward for her. I found it was important to write the Pakistan poems because I was getting in touch with my background. And maybe there's a bit of a message behind the poems about something I went through, that I want to maybe open a few doors if possible.' Subject Matter What is Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan all about? * The speaker in the poem, who is of mixed race, describes the gifts of clothes and jewellery sent to her in England by her Pakistani relatives. * She is drawn to the loveliness of these things, but feels awkward wearing them. She feels more comfortable in English clothes - denim and corduroy. * She contrasts the beautiful clothes and jewellery of India with boring English cardigans/from Marks and Spencer. * She tries to remember what it was like for her family to travel to England. * Her knowledge of her birthplace, which she left as a baby, comes to her only through old photographs and newspaper reports. * She tries to imagine what that world might be like. Glossary Sa... ...n Hatfield at that time, of a mixed race background or indeed from any other race, so I felt there was a bit of a blank drawn over that. I think I had a fairly typically English 50s/60s upbringing. When I eventually went to Pakistan I certainly didn't feel that was home, I'd never felt so English. But I never feel entirely at home in England, and of course I'm not part of the Asian community at all. And it feels a bit odd sometimes that because of the group of poems that I've written about my Asian background, I sometimes tend to be identified as a black writer. I tend to think of England as being very culturally mixed now. But it's important to know where you come from, which is perhaps what I was lacking as a child. I think it's important to know what has gone into your making, even quite far back, I think it gives you a sense perhaps of richness.'

History of U.S. in 400 Words Essay

I am very proud of my country because it was formed on the foundation of freedom and has continued to support freedom for all of its citizens as well as helping to spread freedom throughout the world. First, America was founded by common people looking for a better way of life, one in which they were able to practice their religion and participate in how their settlements were governed. Committed to their beliefs, America endured eight years of war to gain their freedom. There were many hardships along the way: disease, starvation, and suffering; but we hung in there and eventually beat the British, the most powerful nation at that time. Then, we did something shocking; we made it a democracy, the first in the world. People thought it was crazy, this American experiment, but we proved it could work. Unfortunately there was a problem brewing – slavery! It ended up causing a great civil war, the North pitted against the South. We got through it and in the end the nation was reunited and freedom for all prevailed. Women still had some problems, though, and after nearly one hundred years of protesting they finally received the same rights as men as they got the right to vote. Our ideals of freedom were then tested outside our boundaries. We got involved in World War II as we helped to purge the world of the atrocities that the Nazis inflicted. We helped in the Korean and Vietnam Wars in their struggle for freedom and equality. After a long Cold War, we were successful in our efforts to get the Soviet Union to end communism and tear down the Berlin Wall. We also got involved in the First Gulf War as we worked to get the Iraqis out of Kuwait and restabilize the country. Then, on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and an airplane in route to Washington, D.C. and we again had to defend our freedom. We are continuing to help put an end to the senseless acts of terrorists along with teaching the people in Iraq and Afghanistan how to defend themselves against the Taliban. The United States of America is a world power, supporting the individual rights and freedom of people throughout the world. It stands for and supports liberty and justice for all, and that makes me incredibly proud.

Relationship of the United States and Japan

Relationship of the United States and Japan The earliest contact between both countries was through merchants and explorers. Later in the mid-1800s several representatives from the U.S. traveled to Japan in order to negotiate trade agreements, including Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852 who negotiated the first trade treaty and the Convention of Kanagawa. Likewise, a Japanese delegation came to the U.S. in 1860 in hopes of strengthening diplomatic and trade relations between both countries. World War II World War II saw the countries pitted against each other after the Japanese bombed the American naval base at  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941. The war ended in 1945 after Japan suffered tremendous causalities from the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the firebombing of Tokyo. Korean War Both China and the US got involved in the Korean War in support of the North and the South respectively. This was the only time when soldiers from both countries actually fought as the U.S./U.N. forces battled Chinese soldiers upon Chinas official entrance in the war to counter American involvement. Surrender On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered leading to an occupation by the victorious Allied forces. Upon gaining control of Japan, U.S. President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan. The Allied forces worked on the reconstruction of Japan, as well as consolidating political legitimacy by publicly standing on the side of Emperor Hirohito. This allowed MacArthur to work within the political system. By the end of 1945, approximately 350,000 U.S. servicemen were in Japan working on a wide variety of projects. Post War Transformation Under Allied control, Japan undertook a remarkable transformation characterized by the new constitution of Japan which emphasized democratic principles, educational and economic reform, and demilitarization which was embedded in the new Japanese constitution. As the reforms took place MacArthur gradually shifted political control over to the Japanese culminating in the 1952 Treaty of San Francisco which officially ended the occupation. This framework was the beginning of a close relationship between both countries that lasts until this day. Close Cooperation The period after the San Francisco treaty has been characterized by close cooperation between both countries, with 47,000 US military servicemen remaining in Japan by invitation of the Japanese government. Economic cooperation has also been playing a large role in the relationship with the US providing Japan with significant amounts of aid in the post-war periods as Japan became an ally in the Cold War. The partnership has resulted in the reemergence of the Japanese economy which remains one of the strongest economies in the region.

Business Models Essays

Business Models Essays Business Models Essay Business Models Essay Cost per call: Per 3 minutes: 55 As can be seen, the price of using the substitute is relatively lower than the mobile handset; hence this factor also works in favor of the fixed landlines market. AS of 1999, Market Share of Landlines: 60. 38/ (exhibit 1) Growth rate of Landlines: 1. 5% From the market share it can be gauged that the customers of the fixed landlines were satisfied with the performance of the fixed landlines and it was exhibiting slow and steady growth. Substitutes like Pager and internet communication wasnt high at the moment. Bargaining power of suppliers: Since, the suppliers are government supplying spectrum and also because spectrum is a rare natural asset, bargaining power of supplier is high. Due to strong factors like lobbying by corporate and other government regulations, the bargaining power of supplier of spectrum, the government would always remain strong. The other suppliers, which are the manufacturing partners, also have high bargaining power as the carrier operators dont have their own manufacturing operations and hence rely on these suppliers big time. Bargaining power of buyers: Many network providers (5 in number) give the buyers enough opportunity to switch twine operators making their bargaining power high The telecoms business by the end of 1999, became a highly volume dependent business. Also, there was a huge decline in Average Revenue Per User (ARPA) of the customers which also meant the operators had to fight on volumes. This definitely made the bargaining power if buyers high. Threat of new entrants: High capital expenditures meant the entrants had to have deep pockets before entering the industry. Deregulation of the industry was done at a fast pace which lead to a large number of foreign carriers, and competition increased many times. But as mentioned, the market was soon moving towards saturation due to maturity which could hence see lower new entrants in the future but for the time, the threat of new entrants could be considered high due to enormous growth opportunity. 2 3 Intensity of rivalry: The structure of competition Dotcom 50%, 13% Did, DID 8%, J Phone 14% Tuck 7%. Hence, implying higher rivalry since the competition structure is concentrated and not fragmented. The structure of industry costs Industries with high fixed costs encourage competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting. Cape/Sales ratio is 25% implying high fixed cost component which leads to higher competition intensity. Degree of differentiation Since the telecoms services are standardized, the degree of differentiation is less thereby suggesting a higher rivalry intensity. Switching costs rivalry is increased where buyers have low switching costs I. E. There is a low cost associated with the decision to buy a product from an alternative supplier Exit barriers here barriers to leaving an industry are high then competitors tend to exhibit greater rivalry. Overall, analyzing the industry forces, one can easily see the wireless telecoms industry is not attractive at the time of the launch of the I-mode services. 4 Q (a) How did Dotcom create distinct value at low cost? Dotcom created distinct value by the following strategic choices which they made: Active partnering with handset manufacturers and information providers lead them to create a Win-win partnership network. They shared the technology and know with partners to help them stay ahead of competition. Dotcom adopted c-HTML for its new service, which is compact version of HTML. Displayed on the new Dotcom service. For subscription only websites, Dotcom collected fees as part of its monthly bill. It saved transaction cost and time to customer. Deregulation has lead to entry of many equipment manufacturers. It resulted into high competition among them and low cost. Unlike mobile services, charges were based on amount of data transmitted, rather than time of usage. Dotcom didnt purchase content providers but accredited official websites and mobile phones to be used with new service. Buying content providers could have imposed more fixed cost on Dotcom. They had secondary sources of revenue like advertisements on on mode. They could therefore provide services to customers at subsidized rates. Further the advertisement business attracted addition content providers to the network. They had an established distribution network which they used to deliver mode phones and services at small marginal costs. All these choices lead Dotcom to differentiate itself sufficiently from its competitors and lead to higher WET of the customers hence creating value. Q (B) How did Dotcom Combine the strength of Mobile Phone and PC Internet? Dotcom combined the strength of mobiles (Portability) and PC Internet (Information on web) in I -Mode. Dotcom collaborated with Sun Microsystems developing a new application that allowed Video games and financial services on I-mode. Both PCs as well as mobile phones. Moreover, I-mode was launched at a time when most telecoms operators were focusing on technology races and price competition over voice based wireless devices. Regular mobile telephony had reached a high level of sophistication, but it offered few data based services such as e-mail, news and games and transaction capabilities. The I-mode succeeded in bringing together the key features of both these industries and hence created unique utility. Q(C) How did the value curve of Dotcom Differ from Mobile phone and Internet? Value Curve for mobile phones and PC internet: Value Price Youth Focus Customized service Ease of use Voice call and video telephony Penetration rate Access to internet (games, email, news etc) 70 50 20 10 Mobile Phone Low High Not available PC Internet Available Mobile Fig: value curves 5 Difference between I-mode dotcom value curve and those above: The value curves of the general mobile phone and the PC internet are shown graphically above. BY combining the key advantages of the two industries of cell phone and PC internet, the Dotcom, with its I-mode service, created a totally different value curve for itself. For the a small premium of 25% more than regular phones, the users could buy mode handsets. It gave the users access to I-mode network through a monthly rental and access to subscription sites by extra fees. The value curve of the I-mode dotcom handsets would the best features of both mobiles and PC internet, although the price would be higher than the mobile phones due to extra fees. It has high ease of use, youth focus and customized service, making it the best value curve available at the time. The prices set for the content sites were benchmarks against weekly magazines most Japanese pick up, hence the customers loud shift from magazines to the online content service, leading to no extra cost to them actually. Q) How did Dotcom make profits out of its I-Mode services? We have explained this answer in two ways, first by explaining the business model of Dotcom I-mode and second by the Blue Ocean Idea Index. Blue Ocean Idea Index BOO Index Utility Cost Adoption Dotcom I-Mode ANT Doctors I-mode was launched in Japan at a time when most telecoms operators were focused on voice based wireless devices. I-Mode was launched to offer the Internet on cell phones. The I-mode service brought together the key advantages of he cell phone industry and the PC internet industry. This created unique and superior buyer utility. The services offered by the I-mode were made available at a price which was accessible to the mass of buyers. The various fees/charges involved were in a zone where it reached the masses quickly. ANT Dotcom also worked hard to obtain the capabilities needed to deliver the service within its cost target in order to turn a profit. By creating a good partnership network with its manufacturing partners, the company achieved its target costs. Also, collaborative arrangements with key foreign partners reduced developmental costs. Finally, a special team was created with young people and a new head was given mandate and autonomy and the team head held open discussions with the team members on how to create the new market for mobile 6 data communications. All this created a favorable corporate environment for the adoption of I-mode. As explained above, the I-mode service passed all four criteria on the BOO index, hence it was able to capture market and generate huge revenues and profits Business Model of Dotcom I-mode 7 Dotcom made several strategic choices to help it create and capture value to make refits out of I-mode project. The strategic choice lead to important consequences which lead to more tangible results and created a value loop leading to more profits. The important choice of accreditation of official websites and phones to be used with the new service lead to high volumes of customers and which lead to more content which lead to more customers and this formed a virtuous circle. The choice of autonomous team made of young employees and appointment of a new dynamic head of the team lead to more innovation which lead to a better product, leading to an increase in the WET of the customers. The choice of using widely adopted technologies lead to easy flow and conversion of data which lead to more easy partnering with content providers and hence lower costs to them. Partnerships with Sun and Simian lead to lower development costs and faster launch time leading to more reliability, eventually leading to more volumes and higher profits. Electronic concierge along with many other choices led to easy to use products, which lead to higher acceptability among the customers and hence higher volumes and higher pay for the customers and hence higher revenues and profits. 8