The Enforceability of Law and Morality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2587 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The enforceability of law and morality, around the globe, has been a difficult area of contention due to its polycentric nature. The doctrine imposes positive obligations upon a State and its enforceability depends upon every regimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own political ideology, primary and secondary sources and judicial verdicts. In order to extrapolate and reason the notion of Criminal Law being used by England and Wales to constrict unsound behaviour, of such rights within the legal framework of these societies and the arguments made therein, it is essential to evaluate the arguments and debates, which lay down the bedrock foundation of the paradigm of morality in the community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Enforceability of Law and Morality" essay for you Create order Moreover, numerous case law precedents, for instance, Evans and Brown, which have been established over the past decades, and the traditional law, which pioneered the concept of law and morality, shall be discussed. However, the factual soul of the dialogue shall be the disparity between the arguments of different commentators and calculate the extent which can be reached by justifiably using Criminal Law to avoid and punish acts falling in the category of immorality. Law and morality share an expressive connection and aid to supervise human conduct. Law achieves this principally through threatening sanctions if the legal procedures and notions are violated. Consequently, morality encompasses incentives which prove advantageous not only touching one specific person, rather the full community. If a wrong deed is committed, guiltiness and distress are experienced. However, if a correct task has been supported, admiration and benefits are just some of the numerous aspects enjoyed by a person. The strength applied back and forth by the philosophies of ethics establish an imperative motivation in the social conduct[1]. Gracefully interlaced into the elementary assembly of a society, the law of a community can express about the standards and welfares it hosts. This assists the expansion of a bottomless attention and curiosity for sociologists and historians, for instance, Weber and Durkheim. In view of the example of death penalty, if one community has eliminated it while the other has not, this antithetical section not only unveils the deviating legal basis, but also the oddity of each of the communities and how they support their fundamental principles[2]. In the view of Race Relations Act 1965, it can be indicated that judicial engagements also mirror and endorse certain moralities. The efficiency by the implementation of morals can be evaluated by the mass of the incentive one believes to attain. This can be in the form of both fault and appraisal as how much it matters to the specific being. Before reaching the heart of the argument, it is of accurate worth to match law and morality which, according to Steven Shavell are noted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"controllers of our mannersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3]. The first variance is the expenditure of the execution of both of these controllers. Introducing the law is a rationally economical technique since it requires only the law to be approved by a legislative organisation, or a judicial precedent set out by a judge leading to the rule being accessibly connected. Contrastingly, the launch of moral values is vastly expensive from a social perspective. For instance, a law can be approved against littering and its non-compliance would commonly lead to a consequence, in the form of a fine. Nevertheless, observing the same position in the context of morality, elevated its worth tremendously. To be instilled with morals concerning not to litter, lie, or do whatsoever giving an upsurge to the belief of f ault, necessitates years of dedicated service by schools, religious establishments in the view of moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relation with religion and obligations of parentage. Once these channels are considered, only then the cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment in morals would be measured productive. Fundamentally, it is recognised that all the modes above have other responsibilities than coaching on morals, therefore, an excessive deal of determination is essential to be devoted to children. In this logic, Steven Shavell considers that legal directions enjoy an advantage over moral instructions. Furthermore, legal procedures can be polished to counter precise requirements and can be revised as well. They are custom-made to encourage a communally foreseen manner and to discourage unwanted behaviour at a vastly thorough level, making them bendable and this resistance points to a considerably purer use of the legal maxims. However, moral guidelines cannot be too comprehensive and distinct in character. The chief cause regards to the degree that they are necessitated to be tutored to individuals, particularly throughout their youth and an extensive scale of intellect is of factual worth for the engagement of these ethics. The use of morals also sums to the complication as Steven Shavell clarifies. Persons often need to apply the morals promptly, subject to the condition, a rule believed fit for that precise purpose. Practical enough to say, they cannot be changed like legal concepts since it would take a generation to do that. However, if morals are of an all-purpose nature, their precise clarification can be altered speedily. It is central to note that the absence of plasticity of moral rules will more often lead to errors in conduct than legal rules. Additionally, the chief variance among the two à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is that of sanctions. Legal rules can be imposed by financial consent and by sentence; two issues reliant on the wealth and lifetime of an individual. Associating this to morality, it is understandable that they stand much weaker in the light of sanctions since one losing wealth or a big portion of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lifetime would outweigh guilt and disapproval. Hence it can be argued that legal rules are superior to morals in the framework of sanctions relating to enforceability. Circumstance based chance of legal approvals rests upon the fact of observations. Someone is required to report a matter of concern, for instance a victim can bring a claim and be subject to the legal route. In contrast, if a person who considers cheating on his taxes to be immoral, will unquestionably feel embarrassed for doing so and will certainly feel righteous for paying the correct sum, because he will know whether he justly paid his taxes. Moreover, as per Douglas Husak, criminal law has been noted as a last resort when discussing the implementation of different aspects of law. Present statutory au thorities deliver an insufficient model of illegalisation since it declines to deliver an explanation adequate to dominate definite treasured privileges. The state has been bound to treat every being equally in shielding the importance of not to be penalised for that it must not punish some whereas sparing others if it has the similar intention to penalise both. In R V Stone and Dobinson[4], the appeal was discharged on the ground of the duty of care whereas in Regina V Wilson[5], the appeal was allowed. The reason in the latter was the absence of proof of more pain than tattooing, which if carried out, did not encompass a crime under Section 47 of the Offences Against The Persons Act 1861. Moreover, in R V Brown[6], the appeals were dismissed while Lord Mustill and Lord Slynn of Hadley disagreed. Though the applicant had to demonstrate the absence of consensus to secure a verdict for a plain assault, it was not in the communal attention that a being should wound or cause definite p hysical harm to another for no valid motive, and in the lack of which, the victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approval afforded no resistance to a charge under Section 20 or 47 of the OAPA 1861[7]. These cases establish that a definite margin has to be drawn between the application of criminal law and public law related to morals and values. Shaw V Director of Public Prosecutions[8] exhibits the idea of debasing public ethics with the disagreement of Lord Reid. It was believed that an offence of conspiracy to corrupt the morals rested at common law, and per Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord Tucker and Lord Hodson agreeing, it was unlawful as a plot to commit an unjust deed which was intended to be the root of communal harm or an unlawful crime. This case reveals the notion that public values are of true essence and their protection is inscribed at the hands of the conventional law. Consequently, with gradual developments in case law precedents, morality has also been assessed with respect to private life and family. This can be analysed in the case of Evans V UK[9], relating to human fertilization and storage of embryos. It was held by the majority that an embryo did not have any liberated rights and could not claim a right to life under Article 2. Another case related to the similar concern is L V Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and Another[10]. Moreover, in Laskey and Others V United Kingdom[11], it was specious from the verdict of the House of Lords that the views of the majority were constructed on the extreme nature of the practices and not the sexual capacities of the claimants, hence there was no breach of Article 8(2). In R V R[12], the appeal was discharged and it was said that there was no longer a legislative authority that a wife was considered to have believed conclusively to sexual intercourse with her husband and the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conviction would be upheld. Furthermore, the House of Lords in Airedale NHS Trust V Bland[13] dismissed the appeal and decided on the base of the sanctity of life which was not absolute. Both R V R and Airedale NHS unveil the fact that criminal law, important for the safeguard of innocent parties, is the driving force behind the exercise of certain legal authorities to punish the one who committed the crime, somewhat considers immorality as an important feature of the wrongful behaviour. Advancing in the discussion, it is vital to discuss and analyse how Lord Devlin addressed and saw the enforcement of morals in the context of conventional law. It has been significantly quizzed that since most Englishmen consider prostitution and the publication of pornography immoral, should they be made criminal? This was a matter of great debate and numerous controversies. Lord Devlin thought that the Wolfenden ideals derived from John Stuart Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lessons were unquestionable and undisputable and he planned to address the variations critical to make the criminal law o f England imitate these ideal concepts. It is necessary to note that the detail of his disillusionment is strong, however, its degree is not. Two opinions were born through his workings. The first is demonstrated in the well-thought-out form in the Maccabaean Lecture arguing from societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim to defend its identifiable presence. Conversely, the second opinion is much more dynamic and discusses from the massà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to monitor its own ethical principles in protecting its communal milieu from the modification it faces. The first opinion has acknowledged a great deal of attention from the critics and it has been pointed out that a culture cannot live unless some ideals are of the subsequent class, since some ethical traditionalism is indispensable to its lifecycle. Professor H.L.A Hart, answering the argumentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presence at the heart of the address, supposed that it lays upon a disorderly origin of what a society is. He was of the view that if one grasps anything like a conservative concept of a society, it is irrational to propose that every exercise the society visions as intensely dishonest and revolting impends its existence. He identified that Lord Devlinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument is unsuccessful whether a conservative or a false logic of the social order is engaged. Subsequently, Devlin responded to Hart which uncovered a stern defect in the design of the disagreement expressing that the following stage of the dispute (the central prerogative that society has an authority to implement and administer its civic morality by law) must be agreed. Devlin settled that if the society dislikes homosexuality enough, it is warranted in banning it and obliging humans to pick between the desolations of hindrance and oppression as of the risk the exercise offers to societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presence. Touching the tail of the opinions, it is imperative to know the consequence of morality on law and how th e ethical principles have influenced the legal charter. For instance, legal sanctions should be determined in a mode that copies to some extent, the retributivist ethical code that offenders be penalised in ratio to the severity of their immoral deeds. Both law and morality, work shoulder to shoulder to govern a massive range of conduct, particularly, most criminalities and offences are not only lawfully sanctionable but are also believed to be immoral. Concluding the discussion with assessing the effect of morality on law, the case law analysed above, along with the extensive explanations of judicial sources, it is viable to say that the State and society in both England and Wales are greatly justified in using Criminal Law. The reasons for this revolve around the margin which has been neatly maintained between the application of criminal law provisions and the law affecting public morals. Since the balance has been maintained between the two, the statutory authorities governing and upholding criminal law clearly devise decisions keeping in mind the notion of morality. It has truly been established that an immoral conduct affects the wrongdoer and this can have consequences, both in respect of legality and immorality. In the start of the discussion, a fine line and a contrast has been neatly tailored between law and morality which exhibits that criminal law is used to prevent crimes which are deemed immoral. Moreover, another critical comment can be expressed over the discussion of the case law as analysed above. Since the cases circl around criminal activities and some contrasting concerns, the judicial authorities have shown that the courts take the concept of morality seriously and make sure that it balances both the application of criminal law and morality. Bibliography: Cases: R V Stone and Dobinson[1977] 141 J.P. 354 (CA) Regina V Wilson[1997] 2 C.R. A.P.P 47 (QB) R V Brown[1994] 1 A.C. 212 (HL) Shaw V Director of Public Prosecution s[1961] All ER 446 (HL) Evans V United Kingdom[2007] 2 F.C.R 5 (ECHR) L V Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and Another[2008] E.W.H.C. 2149 (Fam) Laskey and Others V United Kingdom[1997] 21627/93 (ECHR) R V R[1992] 1 A.C. 599 (HL) Airedale NHS Trust V Bland[1993] A.C. 789 (HL) Legislation: Offences Against the Persons Act 1861 Race Relations Act 1965 Articles: S Shavell, Law versus Morality as Regulators of Conduct [2002] LM 2, 4 D Husak, The Criminal Law as Last Resort [2004] CL 207, 235 R Dworkin, Lord Devlin and the Enforcement of Morals [1966] EM 986, 998 H L A Hart, Social Solidarity and the Enforcement of Morality [1967] SSEM 1, 13 R Singh, Law as a system of values [2013] LSV 1, 3 N Walker and M Argyle, Does The Law Affect Moral Judgments? DLAMJ 570, 576 P Cane, Taking Law Seriously: Starting Points of the Hart/Devlin Debate [2004] HDD 22, 29 H L A Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals [1958] PSLM 593, 607 H L A Hart, Immorality and Treason [1959] IT 1, 3 Word Count: 2,303 [1] S Shavell, Law versus Morality as Regulators of Conduct [2002] LM 2, 4 [2] R Singh, Law as a system of values [2013] LSV 1, 3 [3] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Regulators of our conductà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [4] R V Stone and Dobinson[1977] 141 J.P. 354 (CA) [5] Regina V Wilson[1997] 2 C.R. A.P.P 47 (QB) [6] R V Brown[1994] 1 A.C. 212 (HL) [7] Offences Against the Persons Act 1861 [8] Shaw V Director of Public Prosecutions[1961] All ER 446 (HL) [9] Evans V United Kingdom[2007] 2 F.C.R 5 (ECHR) [10] L V Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and Another[2008] E.W.H.C. 2149 (Fam) [11] Laskey and Others V United Kingdom[1997] 21627/93 (ECHR) [12] R V R[1992] 1 A.C. 599 (HL) [13] Airedale NHS Trust V Bland[1993] A.C. 789 (HL)

Racism Racism Or Racial Profiling - 923 Words

Historically, racism has existed through out human history from 500- 1000 years. Racism is considered to be directed on the part of the Westerners towards the non westerners, such as the Asians, Africans and others. Racism however, is defined as hatred imposed from one person to another. Racism can also be that one particularly race is more superior than the other, or less human, due to the state of origin, colour of skin, language, ethnicity, gender, religious, and different biological characteristics (ADL archive). The essay will address the impact of racism to individuals and our community, and also further will discuss the nature of racism. Racism or racial profiling is like a cancer that is growing deep in our society. It is more like it’s been passed on from generation to generation, and nothing absolutely has been done about it. Sometimes I do ask myself this question if racism or racial profiling can ever be completely wiped out from the face of the planet earth? Due to what I have observed from the media and friends around the World, I guess the answer is no. Racism is destructive; it’s disempowered people by devaluing their identity. It destroys society and divides communities, and also, racial discrimination or profiling has a dramatic impact on people’s life. And for the people that have not be racially profiled or discriminated against, they may view this as just a mere inconvenience. Racial discrimination or profiling can affect people intellectually,Show MoreRelatedRacism, Racism And Racial Profiling889 Words   |  4 Pagesassigned texts we have been reading there have been many underlying themes that all contribute to one major theme, racism in early Cuba. Early white Cuban’s and Cuban politicians denied racism in the country as a whole, calling Cuba a nation of Racial Democracy, but the entire social, economical, and political classes were setup with a type of â€Å"caste† system based off of racial profiling. Cuba’s desire for being considered elite among nations during the time period led to Cuba losing a lot of its trueRead MoreRacism And Prejudice : Racial Profiling1078 Words   |  5 PagesRacism and Prejudice Inflicted black communities since segregation and is still continues in today’s 21st century. The past and present assure us that history once again repeat itself with no difference. Americans has become divided to an expectation of what an American is. It seems that there has not been any solution to racial profiling. Unconsciously criminal’s assumptions are being beaten, violated, and murder over the decades. According to Thandisiwe Chimurenga, NO DOUBT THE MURDER OF OSCARRead Mor e Racial Profiling is Institutionalized Racism Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesDiallo verdict and all other acts of police brutality. Over one thousand Stanford community members signed petitions to the U.S. Dept. of Justice demanding a new federal trial. nbsp; Ultimately, the problems of police brutality and racial profiling may be alleviated by race-sensitive police training, requiring officers to be from the neighborhoods they police, and most importantly, decentralizing the police department. This would include holding police officers accountable to an effectiveRead MoreRacism And Racial Profiling And Prejudice1827 Words   |  8 Pageswith those words instead of my name. I do not say that I am ashamed of my culture or who I am but I just get tired of how society, giving and calling me by the labels, the labels built from their own stereotypes and racial discriminations. And here’s how my life has been filled with racism and discriminations. As every other day, I woke up with the worries of how my day going to be. Full fills with discriminations and stereotypes? Or being the victims of every other kid’s racist jokes? There are thousandsRead MoreEssay on Racism, Racial Profiling and Segregation in America2491 Words   |  10 Pages--we are all complicit and we all carry a certain responsibility for Americas original sin: racism. -- David Bedrick As I walked into the State University Student Center one morning, a disturbing sight immediately struck me. The sight that lay before my eyes was not only very disturbing but also very common at State University. Although the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown vs. The Topeka Board of Education declared segregation illegal, our student center today probably looks the way dinersRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages such as the religious, scientific, or social aspects of it. Racism has existed throughout human history. It is defined as the belief that a particular race possesses characteristics that are specific to that race, and that a certain race is superior or inferior to another. An example of racism is racial profiling, which has been significant issue that plagues our society, especially during the wake of recent events. Racial profiling involves law enforcement officials targeting certain individualsRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understand the idea of equality. Second, police need to stop doing racial profilingRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior† (Oxford dictionary, 2016). It is obvious that racism in America is not as cruel as how it use to be many decades ago, as someone’s skin colour or beliefs cannot dictate his or her own rights and freedom. However, racism has never gone away, it remains an issue and a struggle to this day. Numerous people may believe that America has transformedRead MoreRacial Profiling And Discrimination By Claudia Rankine s Citizen : An American Lyric Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling and discrimination is an underlining theme in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. The author uses everyday encounters to expose the harsh reality African American people live. Rankine’s perspective on racism is applicable to years dating from 1860 and to present day occurrences. Discrimination against African Americans is a continuing problem. Although slavery does not exist today, African Americans continually grieve the agony their ancestors faced throughout the Civil

Racism Racism Or Racial Profiling - 923 Words

Historically, racism has existed through out human history from 500- 1000 years. Racism is considered to be directed on the part of the Westerners towards the non westerners, such as the Asians, Africans and others. Racism however, is defined as hatred imposed from one person to another. Racism can also be that one particularly race is more superior than the other, or less human, due to the state of origin, colour of skin, language, ethnicity, gender, religious, and different biological characteristics (ADL archive). The essay will address the impact of racism to individuals and our community, and also further will discuss the nature of racism. Racism or racial profiling is like a cancer that is growing deep in our society. It is more like it’s been passed on from generation to generation, and nothing absolutely has been done about it. Sometimes I do ask myself this question if racism or racial profiling can ever be completely wiped out from the face of the planet earth? Due to what I have observed from the media and friends around the World, I guess the answer is no. Racism is destructive; it’s disempowered people by devaluing their identity. It destroys society and divides communities, and also, racial discrimination or profiling has a dramatic impact on people’s life. And for the people that have not be racially profiled or discriminated against, they may view this as just a mere inconvenience. Racial discrimination or profiling can affect people intellectually,Show MoreRelatedRacism, Racism And Racial Profiling889 Words   |  4 Pagesassigned texts we have been reading there have been many underlying themes that all contribute to one major theme, racism in early Cuba. Early white Cuban’s and Cuban politicians denied racism in the country as a whole, calling Cuba a nation of Racial Democracy, but the entire social, economical, and political classes were setup with a type of â€Å"caste† system based off of racial profiling. Cuba’s desire for being considered elite among nations during the time period led to Cuba losing a lot of its trueRead MoreRacism And Prejudice : Racial Profiling1078 Words   |  5 PagesRacism and Prejudice Inflicted black communities since segregation and is still continues in today’s 21st century. The past and present assure us that history once again repeat itself with no difference. Americans has become divided to an expectation of what an American is. It seems that there has not been any solution to racial profiling. Unconsciously criminal’s assumptions are being beaten, violated, and murder over the decades. According to Thandisiwe Chimurenga, NO DOUBT THE MURDER OF OSCARRead Mor e Racial Profiling is Institutionalized Racism Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesDiallo verdict and all other acts of police brutality. Over one thousand Stanford community members signed petitions to the U.S. Dept. of Justice demanding a new federal trial. nbsp; Ultimately, the problems of police brutality and racial profiling may be alleviated by race-sensitive police training, requiring officers to be from the neighborhoods they police, and most importantly, decentralizing the police department. This would include holding police officers accountable to an effectiveRead MoreRacism And Racial Profiling And Prejudice1827 Words   |  8 Pageswith those words instead of my name. I do not say that I am ashamed of my culture or who I am but I just get tired of how society, giving and calling me by the labels, the labels built from their own stereotypes and racial discriminations. And here’s how my life has been filled with racism and discriminations. As every other day, I woke up with the worries of how my day going to be. Full fills with discriminations and stereotypes? Or being the victims of every other kid’s racist jokes? There are thousandsRead MoreEssay on Racism, Racial Profiling and Segregation in America2491 Words   |  10 Pages--we are all complicit and we all carry a certain responsibility for Americas original sin: racism. -- David Bedrick As I walked into the State University Student Center one morning, a disturbing sight immediately struck me. The sight that lay before my eyes was not only very disturbing but also very common at State University. Although the Supreme Court in 1954 in Brown vs. The Topeka Board of Education declared segregation illegal, our student center today probably looks the way dinersRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages such as the religious, scientific, or social aspects of it. Racism has existed throughout human history. It is defined as the belief that a particular race possesses characteristics that are specific to that race, and that a certain race is superior or inferior to another. An example of racism is racial profiling, which has been significant issue that plagues our society, especially during the wake of recent events. Racial profiling involves law enforcement officials targeting certain individualsRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understand the idea of equality. Second, police need to stop doing racial profilingRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior† (Oxford dictionary, 2016). It is obvious that racism in America is not as cruel as how it use to be many decades ago, as someone’s skin colour or beliefs cannot dictate his or her own rights and freedom. However, racism has never gone away, it remains an issue and a struggle to this day. Numerous people may believe that America has transformedRead MoreRacial Profiling And Discrimination By Claudia Rankine s Citizen : An American Lyric Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling and discrimination is an underlining theme in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. The author uses everyday encounters to expose the harsh reality African American people live. Rankine’s perspective on racism is applicable to years dating from 1860 and to present day occurrences. Discrimination against African Americans is a continuing problem. Although slavery does not exist today, African Americans continually grieve the agony their ancestors faced throughout the Civil

Impact of Digital Tools and Message

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Digital Tools and Message. Answer: Introduction: The phrase The Medium is the Message quoted by Professor Marshall McLuhan speaks about the strength of a medium to influence the thoughts and views of a mass. McLuhan is known for quoting such things about a particular fact in a way that he had been considered as predicting the future. Sometimes, his works had been viewed as some kind of theory extract with is far from the practical lives of people. But, the widespread impact of his different quotes and criticisms on various topics made him a popular critic. Talking about the medium, we can see that the medium could be any medium like the Electronic Medium or Print Medium. It is the skill of a particular medium which defines its strength to move our thoughts. These skills could be categorized as 7 Cs and 4 Ss as described by MANAGE.(Management, n.d.). Out of various types of available print media, newspaper is the most influential one. It consist of various things like the political stories, various articles on important issues, accidents and cases in the country, sports activities etc. Thus, newspaper can be considered as a volatile source of information. Not only the present generation, but its reliability can be seen from every generation. Electronic media on the other hand lost it power to some extent. However, television has still got its rule. Internet sources, most particularly social networking sites, are most widely acceptable. The internet media influences our thoughts and views in the most impactful manner. One of the researches on human behavior says that digital tools have also impacted the way of education to a great extent.(Purcell, et al., 2013). It influences our way of thinking. For e.g., when we read about Donald J Trumps presidency, and read negative things about the person, our brain automatically creates an image of the personality we read about. People start relying on what they are made to read and hear and start believing things and consider that their own perspective. One more influential medium are the people themselves. Mouth publicity creates an important impact. One of the most relatable examples for this is the publicity of movies. This culture has been well explained by Adrienne L. McLean in his article Media Effects-Marshall McLuhan, Television Culture and The X-files(McLean, 1998). The creators advertise their movies in such a way that we automatically form a good picture of a movie in our mind and that depends on the influencing capacity of the medium with which it is being publicized. That good picture of the movie attracts a greater percentage of people and does it business. The post theatre opinion impacts the business to a very little extent. Every medium has its own good and bad influences. Talking about the internet, when more than normal amount of time is spent in front of computers, a number of health issues may arise. Obesity, poor vocabulary, poor social skills and addiction for electronic gadgets etc. are a major concern for the youth. The reason is over reliance to online media. Every day or the other we read news about phone blasts due to overcharging or eye and ear impairment problems. These problems will keep on increasing because of over reliance on online media. On one hand, people find online media as an easy and convenient way to connect and communicate with their near and dear ones. On the other hand, it is eating up the caliber and youth of the young generation which stimulates them to indulge in useless issues and carries away the concentration and zeal for career. Canadian youth claim the Internet as a defining part of their culture and an integral part of their daily lives.(Health, 2003). Thus, the inf ormation is a kind of wealth which is being copied by varied resources. Whether good or bad, it is impacting our lives to the greatest extent. One more examples that can be quoted about the power of medium is the ever rising involvement of people in social causes. A soul shaking incident which happened in India in 16th Dec, 2012 named by the countrymen as Nirbhaya Case is a good example. The case depicted how influential is the power of media. It took women security and safety to another level. The involvement of mass for the cause and the final judgments in favor of the victim followed by a revival in the law about women safety showed one of the strongest impacts of media power. The enthusiasm built by the media both electronic and print and reaction showed by people created an epic moment for the nation.(Sharma, 2016) Concluding the topic here, the power of any medium has been witnessed by us many times in our lives. For some people it created a great honor in their lives particularly for the celebrities. How anyone would have known Julia Roberts or Tom Cruise without they being popularized by various mediums. Thus, medium does affects everybodys life in some sense or the other. Important is to understand the positive aspects and ignore the negativity. The author in his writings also tried to defend the medium and bring the positive aspects to the people. The criticism about the wrongdoers is also worth noticing because one rotten mango spoils the whole baggage. However, we cannot ignore the importance. (McLuhan, 1964) Bibliography Health, P. C., 2003. Impact of media use on children and youth. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792691/ [Accessed 26 January 2017]. Management, N. I. o. A. E., n.d. Writing for Print Media, Hyderabad : National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) . McLean, A. L., 1998. Media Effects: Marshall McLuhan, Television Culture, and "The X-Files". [Online] Available at: https://www.ravenndragon.net/montgomery/mcluhanxfiles.pdf [Accessed 26 January 2017]. McLuhan, M., 1964. Understanding Media: The Extension of Man by Marshall McLuhan. [Online] Available at: https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/mcluhan.mediummessage.pdf [Accessed 27 January 2017]. Purcell, K., Buchanan, J. Friedrich, L., 2013. The Impact of Digital Tools on student writing and how writing is taught in schools. [Online] Available at: https://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_NWP%20Writing%20and%20Tech.pdf [Accessed 27 January 2017]. Sharma, M., 2016. 16/12 Nirbhaya Rape Case: An Incidence Which Shaken Up Whole Delhi Full Story. The Indian Tribune, 16 December.

Implementation Of ERP In Commonwealth Bank â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implementation Of ERP In Commonwealth Bank? Answer: Introduction This study is focused on an organization from banking sector Commonwealth Bank which is the largest financial institution of Australia having a huge customer base of around 7.7 million. This report will deal with the analyzing the present challenges that are being faced by the organization and the role that can be played by IT to resolve the issues. The business strategic goals through IT alignment are developed in context to the organization for demonstrating on the benefits that will be achieved by the organization. Further, discussions are carried out on applying business strategy to the selected business type. The continuous availability of business services is an essential requirement for almost any large financial institution. The core banking operations of the organization can be transformed to ERP platform for providing excellent customer service. Hence, this study will reflect on importance of aligning IT with the business strategy for the organization. Application The business strategy of Commonwealth Bank is basically customer oriented that means they are oriented towards providing excellent customer service. From study on this organization, it has been identified that there are various problems being faced due to the existing systems therefore Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) should adapt technological advancements to gain a competitive advantage [15]. The implementation of ERP can help to resolve existing issues within the organization. The current framework had numerous applications running all the while to fulfill the prerequisites of the clients. Be that as it may, those applications had a few vulnerabilities and their shortcomings should have been tended to before it gets abused by the clients and contenders. Region Bank of Australia (CBA) is confronting trouble by the speed of online exchanges and it has been recognized that the applications are not brought sufficiently together that makes security testing of uses a very tedious as signment [12]. There is a requirement for legitimate seller to sort out the given arrangement of utilizations so all the security tests can be secured at the earliest opportunity. The principle issue is that CBA has poor risk administration and they gravely require some system to enable them to evaluate chance. Besides the database utilized as a part of the framework is not brought together and subsequently the principle errand before the business is to have unified database so information get to ends up plainly straightforward process [5]. The principle issue in the current framework is chance related with every one of the applications and the vast majority of the applications should be tried constantly. There is prerequisite of an incorporated framework with the goal that the bank can oversee testing of all applications independently and time is not squandered in physically scanning for flaws and accessible recuperation arrangements [4]. To oversee legitimate appraisal of risk related with applications, CBA needs the innovation which can test applications and right issues if conceivable. Keeping in mind the end goal to enter into the market, the bank needs the vital innovation to make framework solid and to guarantee smooth stream of data inside the framework. Alternate necessities from the framework were to have open frameworks approach, future evidence astounding innovation and best of breed retail and so forth as CBA needs to accomplish economies of scale. Besides, CBA needs to have a concentrated database to help all applications going on and needs an answer which can support up its framework in inviting way [8]. Consequently, the usage of SAP platform will help CBA in cutting expenses and also time and overseeing naturally different exchanges that occur on an everyday premise. CBA will have the capacity to infiltrate into different market segments by the huge highlights offered by SAP platform. Today, the vast majority of the exchanges happen at the bank focus by its different appropriation channels and not at the branches. Strategy Map In the past days of innovation, huge volume of information was put away on centralized servers however with the coming and developing popularity of PCs, local area networks and customer server innovations turning into the standard, another necessity rose whereby information was put away on desktop PCs rather than centralized servers. In any case, this progress additionally represented a few issues [3]. For example, a wide range of frameworks that were produced freely finished the period inside an organization were regularly incongruent that made issues for sharing data. A need emerged for big business wide information sharing and it was inside this foundation that ERP frameworks expected basic noteworthiness. ERP coordinates and synchronize distinctive hierarchical frameworks, for example, back, human resource, operations, support administrations and different capacities which might be association particular [23]. ERP framework for saving money incorporates finish arrangement which g ives far reaching backing to monetary procedures, human resource administration and support administrations. ERP empowers business firms to coordinate their business, fund, fabricating, circulation, client benefit and different capacities. For practically every business operation today, information technology (IT) is a fundamental and imperative part. In spite of the fact that this dependence on IT gives evident advantages, it additionally introduces critical business challenges [10]. The complexities of IT and its interconnectedness to such huge numbers of zones of the business leave associations more helpless than any time in recent memory to natural risks. Occasions that effect IT, which already could be contained inside the IT office, would now be able to influence the whole business. Information misfortune, defilement and detachment and additionally security breaks and foundation disappointments rapidly end up plainly open occasions that can seriously affect an association's efficiency, its notoriety and its capacity to accomplish vital objectives [9]. Fundamental course of action in context to IT with business suggests that the objective of the IT division of an association should be set as per the association go als. Business-IT plan implies applying Information Technology (IT) in a fitting and helpful course, in congruity with business techniques, goals and necessities. Any business-IT course of action model or procedure ought to finally look for after one goal reliably update returns to the business from IT anticipates, fusing interests in projects, capital, advantage, support, upkeep, and some other IT effort or utilization. The key accomplishment factor for modifying IT experiencing and attempts with business needs is shared activity and obligation. Business pioneers must lead IT and CIOs must advance toward getting to be business pioneers [6]. CIOs decidedly need to extend their own duty regarding the utilization of IT, however they must be also responsible towards considering the business objectives to be fulfilled by IT. Figure 1: Model for Strategic Alignment (Source: Created by Author) The system part identifies with the built up, dynamic viewpoint of key organization. It considers the business strategy as the driver of both design decisions of the association and the justification of the IT establishment. Top Management describes the system in details and IT Management is quite recently considered as procedure implementer. The development perspective moreover observes the business framework as the driver [1]. In any case it incorporates the arrangement of an IT framework to help the picked business strategy and comparing it with the IT system and procedure that is required. The best administration ought to give the innovation vision to verbalize the rationale and decisions relating to IT system that would best help the picked business technique. The engaged perspective is stressed over the misuse of rising IT abilities to influence new things and organizations that affect the key properties of framework and also develop new sorts of connections [19]. Finally, the organization level perspective focuses on the most capable strategy to fabricate world class IT affiliation. In this perspective, the piece of business technique is abnormal. This perspective is regularly observed as being imperative, however not being sufficient, to ensure the intense usage of IT resources and to be open to the requests from the population of end customers which is constantly developing and changing. IT drivers and objectives ERP frameworks encourage organizations to replace the current information systems of an organization, which are frequently incongruent with each other, with a solitary incorporated framework that is streamlined information streams all through an association that may come about into huge picks up in an organization's productivity and main concern [20]. ERP systems are fundamentally a enterprise wide package that immovably consolidates immensely essential business limits into a singular structure with a typical database. Being exceptionally data masterminded dealing with a record industry offers huge potential for ERP applications. An ERP structure offers a broad mix between different dealing with a record system modules. ERP arranges customers, information, techniques, and applications for higher gainfulness. It supports essential authority with generations for enhanced responsiveness and change. It uses passage development, business knowledge, data organization, and flexible advances that extra time and decrease costs [25]. It engages dealing with a record laborers work together with bank's huge managers for diminished time and effort and switches the standard approach from 'top-down' to 'bottom up'. ERP framework gives finish end-to-end arrangement covering installment preparing, accounting, money administration and security. Patching up installment handling needs an excellent comprehension on how banks make installments [16]. This may be clear for one branch at particular territory however may end up being more time consuming while in the meantime overseeing different branches in different countries and working under country specific institutions. With respect to money administration, there is a need to control available record on standard commence so tasks of financing decisions can be made reasonably. Figure 2: Theoretical Framework for Business-IT Alignment (Source: Created by Author) Business-IT strategic alignment is a standout amongst the most prevalent current administration ideas in business and IT administration especially in the scholarly world and industry. It implies the level of similarity among business and IT systems [23]. In the current turbulent and centered business condition, survival not even accomplishment has transformed into a critical test. The principal foundation method that any sort of business should have is to modify Information Technology (IT) with business goals. The association should have clear business destinations and uses its IT structure to exactly fulfill these goals. IT and IS are indispensable in the methods of business organizing, design, examination, operations organization, and key fundamental initiative. Game plan is delineated as the best possible and advantageous utilization of IT, in congruity with business objective, frameworks, and necessities [10]. Business and IT course of action happens when the specific strategies are joined with the end goal that the right things are done. Any business-IT game plan model or method ought to finally look for after one goal reliably enhance returns to the business from IT anticipates, fusing interests in projects, capital, advantage, support, upkeep, and some other IT effort or utilization. The key accomplishment factor for modifying IT experiencing and attempts with business needs is shared organization and duty. Notwithstanding its part, every IT development, undertaking, or organization must have an impact in influencing business value [2]. Moreover, an IT design must work must work towards finishing business-related and not IT-related estimations in order to upgrade the business strategy. Both the business system and the IT technique will impact the IT structure that is genuinely being executed in the affiliation. Moreover the nature of administration of that system and the information quality conveyed by that structure will be affected by the alignment of business and IT [11]. Structure quality, information quality and organization quality will impact the behavioral/desire to use the system and furthermore the customer satisfaction with the system. These two will impact the genuine use of the structure, which will impact the net business favorable circumstances or objectives. IT Strategy Map The increase of IT organizations essential to achieving crucial business goals presents interesting risks and openings. More than ever, IT must be strong, obvious, open and security-rich with a particular true objective to help essential business methodology and key exercises. Recognizing the risks to the business related with the usage of IT requires a clear point of view of IT risks and IT benefits all through the affiliation [18]. This cannot be adequately capable with the standard approach that investigates the physical and basic risks that may influence conveying the benefits of IT. It is the perfect open door for IT to develop its foundation of risk based impact assessment and enlarge the scope of risks it fuses to moreover guarantee and support the business in meeting its indispensable targets [15]. Remembering the ultimate objective to appropriately perceive the business risks related with the use of IT, affiliations require a broader viewpoint of utilizing IT that goes past regular limits and that alters IT to the indispensable heading of the business. Specifically, they require an approach that can: Enhance the planning of IT with business needs to expand it by more quickly responding to change with instructed and measured decisions. Protect brand and salary by looking over the risks associated with IT alignment, their potential business impact or advantage and an affiliation's risk management to help plan a sensible technique [5]. Improve the benefits being provided by IT to finish key business exercises by regulating the risks of IT with more correct and legitimate information Reduce exposure to cash related and reputation by protecting the business from negative exposures, incidents and fines or even penalties [6] Increase their high ground by helping them to make figured responses to risk that are not often done by competitors in the market By tying great risk methods specifically to vital business activities, associations would more be able to effortlessly report key performance indicators (KPIs) and key risk indicators (KRIs) and organize risks in light of their effect on or commitment to key objectives [21]. Moreover, the business is better ready to execute adjusted risk administration designs, utilize clear correspondence designs and constantly screen chance markers. The usage of any innovation cannot be fruitful ideal from the earliest starting point as risks are included. The initial step included is to roll out this mechanical improvement justifiable by people and henceforth the test is before CBA to guarantee appropriate preparing to their workers. For that reason, uncommon authorities must be utilized. Preparing must be given on worker's right side from the day when innovation is sent. This is a key stride in keeping up merchant connections. Incorporating this mechanical change with the current framework is the real obstacle which is to be eliminated [23]. The greatest test which SAP platform has is to guarantee Straight through Processing (known as STP in corporate section) of different money related exchanges. With the CBA having many organizations under its immense corporate umbrella. SAP platform must be coordinated with different corporate wide applications like Credit Card, Mobile money, common assets, business, call focus and different applications occurring at the same time. In context to the particular scenario of banking industry, ERP is very helpful to plan operations, technical along with making decisions for strategic planning. ERP system will help to carry out various number of responsibilities that are required functions of accounting and financial management in the banking industry. Conclusion From above study on the case of Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), it has been identified that implementation of technological advancements will play a major role in growth of the financial institution. A very scalable and adaptable innovation stage is fundamental for associations to oversee development and contend effectively, for example, SAP in this specific setting. The main IT Core Banking Solution will enable Commonwealth Bank of Australia to accomplish its goals over the system. The current issues and difficulties being confronted by CBA can be settled with the assistance of SAP platform. 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